Evolution and creationism
EVOLUTION AND CREATIONISM
During discussion many religious and theist people jump from origin of universe to origin of life on earth to the existence of all the beautiful things in nature and insist to have some creator who created this entire beautiful universe.
They usually give following logics-
If you are given a delicious food dish and you liked it then naturally you will ask who cooked it.
These flowers are so beautiful, who would have created them?
Who would have created this beautiful sky, earth, space, different species of animals?
If there is no creator then how it is possible for creation to be there?
They even say that evolution is a pseudoscience and has no proof. I have faced arguments like- “Did Darwin shoot the process of evolution? The process of formation of humans from apes?”
Such questions are asked by creationists, those who believe in creation. And common people also get confused with such questions.
If spirituality is trying to explain the origin and evolution of life, if telling that all the animals, plants and trees, this nature is created by some creator (God) then they are falling in self trap.
Creationist people always try to explain and to prove in vain that all the species of animals, plants and life on earth is created by some creator. But science always tries to find out the reasons behind everything and logically try to explain the things by observations, experiments and analysis. And still never say that this is the final truth, it is always acceptable to new, better changes. In spite of lots of evidences it doubts and thus progresses.
But what is evolution actually?
“It is the process of formation and development of all plants and animals from a single ancestor (which was there in past)”.
Evolution has nothing to do with the Big Bang theory or theory of Abiogenesis.
The duration of evolution till now is 3.5 billion years and still continues.
To understand the evolution we will see some terms and concepts.
Species:
“The population of organisms that share traits that can interbreed but cannot successively breed with other populations.”
New species emerge from existing species and the change from one species to the other is very gradual.
No animal have ever given birth to other species.
Formation of new species from common ancestor
Genes:
As you may know, “Genes are molecular units of DNA by which animals pass down their traits to their offspring.”
Changes can occur in genes by-
Point mutation
Sexual recombination
Genetic drift
These changes are passed down to their offspring. Over many generations these small changes gradually add up to big enough changes that the descendant organism seems different enough from its distant ancestor to be called as a new species.
It’s just like a boy becoming a man, there is no single moment in time we can point to when the change occurred. It is very gradual.
Natural selection:
“It is the key driving force of evolution.”
It is a natural process by which the beneficial changes tend to increase in a species and detrimental changes tend to decrease. This is because the animals which suit the environment tend to survive and procreate and thus pass down their genes, a little bit more than those without the best traits. Each successive generation contains more beneficial genes and less detrimental genes.
During formation of new species from distant ancestor the ancestor species may get extinct or may continue to exist or may splitter of other species. Often one group will change faster than other group because the selective pressure is more.
Differentiation of species from common ancestor
Evolution of elephants snout
I will discuss and prove the evolution under six headings.
Fossils:
The most tangible and obvious evidence for evolution is the fossil records. The process of fossilization is very rare and therefore the record is incomplete and will always have gaps.
The geologic column is the layering of sedimentary rocks found all over the world. The fossils are always found in these layers in the order predicted by evolution.
Geologic column
In fact, if we did find any fossil out of sequence such as a rabbit in the Precambrian layers which is long before the emergence of any mammal, that would falsify the evolution and we dont find that at all.
Simply the fossils of simple animals like invertebrates will be found in very deep layers while the fossils of vertebrates will be found in upper layers.
Example-
We now know that whales are evolved from the four legged land animals about 50 million years ago. Ambulocetus was such an animal who had four legs and was able to swim in water. It was clearly a water dweller as its hind legs were better adapted for swimming than walking on land. Its mouth was such that it could breathe inside water. It could hear underwater by same way as whales do by picking up the vibrations through its jaw. We have other fossils of the skulls of the transitional forms that appeared after Ambulocetus that show the gradual migration of nostrils from the front of the nose to the back of the head to form the blow holes which made them possible to breathe without lifting their head out of the water.
Other evidences-
Archeopteryx, Sinornis- fossils showing the formation of birds from dinosaurs.
Tektaalic, Ichthyostega, Ventastega from water dweller animals to four legged land animals.
Dimetrodon, Diathognathus- fossils showing the formation of mammals from land giants.
Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo erectus- fossils showing formation of human from apes.
2) Phylogenetics-
“Study of tree of evolution.”
And it is the significant evidence for evolution because the similarities in animals in each group are the direct results of their common descendants.
Example- All mammals give birth to young ones, produce milk to nourish them and have hairs or furs on their bodies because those traits all came from their common ancestor that branched off from tetra pods many millions of years ago.
We dont see the mixing of the traits outside the major groups. Example- there are no reptiles with fur, or birds that give birth to young ones because reptiles and birds are not mammals and do not descend from the early mammal species that was the ancestor of the mammals.
“It is not just the similarities within the group, but also the arrangements of differences are important.”
If there was a creator he could have added any traits to make various combinations instead of forming groups.
3) DNA-
Those species with similar physical traits were also proved to be closely related by matching their DNA.
Example-
Humans and chimps share over 98% of their DNA.
Dog and wolf have very matching DNA.
In contrast, Human DNA don’t share similarities with DNAs of crocodile, snake etc.
Pseudo genes are the genes that are not used but are leftover from ancestors who were using them.
Example- Gene for Vitamin C found in Human, Chimps and Orangutan but is inactive.
If there was any wise creator why would he inactivate the whole gene for vitamin C by keeping it in DNA?
Chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes and humans have 23 pairs. Then question arises that where did one pair go? On research it is found that the human’s 2nd pair of chromosome is formed by fusion of chromosome no. 2 and chromosome no. 3.
3) Geographic distribution of species-
It is found that the species having similar traits are found on nearby geographic areas. Example- All Marsupials (animals who have pocket to keep their babies safe in it) like Kangaroo, Wallaby, Koalas, etc. are found in Australia only and not anywhere else.
King cobra is found in Africa only.
Tulsi is found only in India.
Giraffe is found only in Africa, etc.
Some animals when pass from one environment to the other and some of them adapt with, some may have random mutation, sexual recombination or genetic drift causing changes in traits. Beneficial traits are added up and detrimental traits are lost very gradually. A set of population who got best beneficial changes which are compatible with the new environment live and procreate while those without compatible changes lose competition with others and get vanished with time. The new population thus formed is different enough from their ancestors who migrated from previous environment to be called as new different species.
Example- During the periods of Ice age some of the brown bears had random mutation which changed their fur color. Those with white fur lived and prospered better than those with brown furs. Gradually bears with brown furs lost competition and got vanished thus leaving only white bears in polar areas and brown bears in rocky mountains/jungles.
Other examples are Insitina lizard in California, Finches in Galapego islands.
4) Evolutionary baggage - vestigial organs:
“Vestigial organs are the part of animals including humans that had been inherited from their ancestors but no longer serve the purpose for which they were first developed.”
Examples- pelvic bones in Whales, wings of Ostrich, due claws on Dog, appendix of human, nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) in eyes of human
And some organs even form in embryo and then regress to disappear. These organs indicate the traits inherited from ancestors. Example- tail in human embryo, legs in dolphin embryo.
Wings in Ostrich do serve the purpose of balancing, cooling while running, so according to some scientists these structures are not actually vestigial. But this is not the case, evolution works by repurposing structures that are no longer needed for their primary purpose. Hence if wings are not used for flying then they are vestigial.
“We can sometimes find tails in humans but we will never find nipples in birds or horns in mammals or anything of the kind that does not fit the evolutionary model.” Only evolution can explain this.
5) Bad design-
How far is the larynx from the brain? Its quite close, isnt it?
But the nerve connecting the larynx to brain (recurrent laryngeal nerve) runs from brain down to inside of chest, turns around the arch of aorta and again ascends in neck to supply the larynx.
Recurrent
Laryngeal nerve
in humans
In humans, that distance is just of few centimeters but in case of giraffe it is of 15 feet or 450 cm. No intelligent designer will do that.
But its answer lies in the embryological development of animals. In fishes the nerve passes the heart reaching to the gills,but over the course of evolution as the neck extended and the heart lowered in the chest the laryngeal nerve were caught on the wrong side of the heart; creating an unnecessary detour.
450cm long recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffe
6) Direct observation-
Creationists usually say that evolution cannot be proven because it has never been seen to occur. But evolution being a very gradual and long process it cannot be observed directly.
Rechard Lenski observed the 58000 generations of E. coli (a bacteria) from 1988 to the present. He found that the present bacteria were too different from those taken at the start to be called as new species or new type of bacteria.
Also there is direct observation proof of splitting of species of lizards of Pod Mrcau island and Pod Kopiste islands.
All their evidences prove the evolution separately and when seen as a whole we dont have any choice but to accept the evolution.
All the examples and evidences that I have mentioned are just few of the tons. Science has hundreds of evidences along with each evidence I mentioned here.
In contrast creationist neither has given a single proof which can prove the creationism nor has been able to cross any single evidence from the part of evolution.
At such times we all know what they do. They just don’t accept these evidences, call it a conspiracy of evolutionary scientists or just say that evolution is not a science.
During discussion many religious and theist people jump from origin of universe to origin of life on earth to the existence of all the beautiful things in nature and insist to have some creator who created this entire beautiful universe.
They usually give following logics-
If you are given a delicious food dish and you liked it then naturally you will ask who cooked it.
These flowers are so beautiful, who would have created them?
Who would have created this beautiful sky, earth, space, different species of animals?
If there is no creator then how it is possible for creation to be there?
They even say that evolution is a pseudoscience and has no proof. I have faced arguments like- “Did Darwin shoot the process of evolution? The process of formation of humans from apes?”
Such questions are asked by creationists, those who believe in creation. And common people also get confused with such questions.
If spirituality is trying to explain the origin and evolution of life, if telling that all the animals, plants and trees, this nature is created by some creator (God) then they are falling in self trap.
Creationist people always try to explain and to prove in vain that all the species of animals, plants and life on earth is created by some creator. But science always tries to find out the reasons behind everything and logically try to explain the things by observations, experiments and analysis. And still never say that this is the final truth, it is always acceptable to new, better changes. In spite of lots of evidences it doubts and thus progresses.
But what is evolution actually?
“It is the process of formation and development of all plants and animals from a single ancestor (which was there in past)”.
Evolution has nothing to do with the Big Bang theory or theory of Abiogenesis.
The duration of evolution till now is 3.5 billion years and still continues.
To understand the evolution we will see some terms and concepts.
Species:
“The population of organisms that share traits that can interbreed but cannot successively breed with other populations.”
New species emerge from existing species and the change from one species to the other is very gradual.
No animal have ever given birth to other species.
Formation of new species from common ancestor
Genes:
As you may know, “Genes are molecular units of DNA by which animals pass down their traits to their offspring.”
Changes can occur in genes by-
Point mutation
Sexual recombination
Genetic drift
These changes are passed down to their offspring. Over many generations these small changes gradually add up to big enough changes that the descendant organism seems different enough from its distant ancestor to be called as a new species.
It’s just like a boy becoming a man, there is no single moment in time we can point to when the change occurred. It is very gradual.
Natural selection:
“It is the key driving force of evolution.”
It is a natural process by which the beneficial changes tend to increase in a species and detrimental changes tend to decrease. This is because the animals which suit the environment tend to survive and procreate and thus pass down their genes, a little bit more than those without the best traits. Each successive generation contains more beneficial genes and less detrimental genes.
During formation of new species from distant ancestor the ancestor species may get extinct or may continue to exist or may splitter of other species. Often one group will change faster than other group because the selective pressure is more.
Differentiation of species from common ancestor
Evolution of elephants snout
I will discuss and prove the evolution under six headings.
Fossils:
The most tangible and obvious evidence for evolution is the fossil records. The process of fossilization is very rare and therefore the record is incomplete and will always have gaps.
The geologic column is the layering of sedimentary rocks found all over the world. The fossils are always found in these layers in the order predicted by evolution.
Geologic column
In fact, if we did find any fossil out of sequence such as a rabbit in the Precambrian layers which is long before the emergence of any mammal, that would falsify the evolution and we dont find that at all.
Simply the fossils of simple animals like invertebrates will be found in very deep layers while the fossils of vertebrates will be found in upper layers.
Example-
We now know that whales are evolved from the four legged land animals about 50 million years ago. Ambulocetus was such an animal who had four legs and was able to swim in water. It was clearly a water dweller as its hind legs were better adapted for swimming than walking on land. Its mouth was such that it could breathe inside water. It could hear underwater by same way as whales do by picking up the vibrations through its jaw. We have other fossils of the skulls of the transitional forms that appeared after Ambulocetus that show the gradual migration of nostrils from the front of the nose to the back of the head to form the blow holes which made them possible to breathe without lifting their head out of the water.
Other evidences-
Archeopteryx, Sinornis- fossils showing the formation of birds from dinosaurs.
Tektaalic, Ichthyostega, Ventastega from water dweller animals to four legged land animals.
Dimetrodon, Diathognathus- fossils showing the formation of mammals from land giants.
Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo erectus- fossils showing formation of human from apes.
2) Phylogenetics-
“Study of tree of evolution.”
And it is the significant evidence for evolution because the similarities in animals in each group are the direct results of their common descendants.
Example- All mammals give birth to young ones, produce milk to nourish them and have hairs or furs on their bodies because those traits all came from their common ancestor that branched off from tetra pods many millions of years ago.
We dont see the mixing of the traits outside the major groups. Example- there are no reptiles with fur, or birds that give birth to young ones because reptiles and birds are not mammals and do not descend from the early mammal species that was the ancestor of the mammals.
“It is not just the similarities within the group, but also the arrangements of differences are important.”
If there was a creator he could have added any traits to make various combinations instead of forming groups.
3) DNA-
Those species with similar physical traits were also proved to be closely related by matching their DNA.
Example-
Humans and chimps share over 98% of their DNA.
Dog and wolf have very matching DNA.
In contrast, Human DNA don’t share similarities with DNAs of crocodile, snake etc.
Pseudo genes are the genes that are not used but are leftover from ancestors who were using them.
Example- Gene for Vitamin C found in Human, Chimps and Orangutan but is inactive.
If there was any wise creator why would he inactivate the whole gene for vitamin C by keeping it in DNA?
Chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes and humans have 23 pairs. Then question arises that where did one pair go? On research it is found that the human’s 2nd pair of chromosome is formed by fusion of chromosome no. 2 and chromosome no. 3.
3) Geographic distribution of species-
It is found that the species having similar traits are found on nearby geographic areas. Example- All Marsupials (animals who have pocket to keep their babies safe in it) like Kangaroo, Wallaby, Koalas, etc. are found in Australia only and not anywhere else.
King cobra is found in Africa only.
Tulsi is found only in India.
Giraffe is found only in Africa, etc.
Some animals when pass from one environment to the other and some of them adapt with, some may have random mutation, sexual recombination or genetic drift causing changes in traits. Beneficial traits are added up and detrimental traits are lost very gradually. A set of population who got best beneficial changes which are compatible with the new environment live and procreate while those without compatible changes lose competition with others and get vanished with time. The new population thus formed is different enough from their ancestors who migrated from previous environment to be called as new different species.
Example- During the periods of Ice age some of the brown bears had random mutation which changed their fur color. Those with white fur lived and prospered better than those with brown furs. Gradually bears with brown furs lost competition and got vanished thus leaving only white bears in polar areas and brown bears in rocky mountains/jungles.
Other examples are Insitina lizard in California, Finches in Galapego islands.
4) Evolutionary baggage - vestigial organs:
“Vestigial organs are the part of animals including humans that had been inherited from their ancestors but no longer serve the purpose for which they were first developed.”
Examples- pelvic bones in Whales, wings of Ostrich, due claws on Dog, appendix of human, nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) in eyes of human
And some organs even form in embryo and then regress to disappear. These organs indicate the traits inherited from ancestors. Example- tail in human embryo, legs in dolphin embryo.
Wings in Ostrich do serve the purpose of balancing, cooling while running, so according to some scientists these structures are not actually vestigial. But this is not the case, evolution works by repurposing structures that are no longer needed for their primary purpose. Hence if wings are not used for flying then they are vestigial.
“We can sometimes find tails in humans but we will never find nipples in birds or horns in mammals or anything of the kind that does not fit the evolutionary model.” Only evolution can explain this.
5) Bad design-
How far is the larynx from the brain? Its quite close, isnt it?
But the nerve connecting the larynx to brain (recurrent laryngeal nerve) runs from brain down to inside of chest, turns around the arch of aorta and again ascends in neck to supply the larynx.
Recurrent
Laryngeal nerve
in humans
In humans, that distance is just of few centimeters but in case of giraffe it is of 15 feet or 450 cm. No intelligent designer will do that.
But its answer lies in the embryological development of animals. In fishes the nerve passes the heart reaching to the gills,but over the course of evolution as the neck extended and the heart lowered in the chest the laryngeal nerve were caught on the wrong side of the heart; creating an unnecessary detour.
450cm long recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffe
6) Direct observation-
Creationists usually say that evolution cannot be proven because it has never been seen to occur. But evolution being a very gradual and long process it cannot be observed directly.
Rechard Lenski observed the 58000 generations of E. coli (a bacteria) from 1988 to the present. He found that the present bacteria were too different from those taken at the start to be called as new species or new type of bacteria.
Also there is direct observation proof of splitting of species of lizards of Pod Mrcau island and Pod Kopiste islands.
All their evidences prove the evolution separately and when seen as a whole we dont have any choice but to accept the evolution.
All the examples and evidences that I have mentioned are just few of the tons. Science has hundreds of evidences along with each evidence I mentioned here.
In contrast creationist neither has given a single proof which can prove the creationism nor has been able to cross any single evidence from the part of evolution.
At such times we all know what they do. They just don’t accept these evidences, call it a conspiracy of evolutionary scientists or just say that evolution is not a science.
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